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Posts for 2022
An emerging biomarker for neurological disorders
Aug 25, 2022
GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) is a type III intermediate filament protein that is expressed by numerous cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), including astrocytes and ependymal cells during development. GFAP has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of Alexander disease and in repair after CNS injury. Evidence suggests that minor changes in blood GFAP levels are associated with subtle injuries...
ST2: Potential Biomarker For Cardiovascular Disease
Aug 10, 2022
The ST2 gene (also known as IL1RL1) is a potential biomarker of poor prognosis in cardiovascular diseases. ST2 is present in two important isoforms: Membrane-bound ST2 (ST2L) and soluble ST2 (sST2). ST2L binds with IL33 and has a cardioprotective effect like decreased cardiac damage, prevention of apoptosis, lowered inflammatory effect, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. However, the binding of sST2 to IL33 causes the protective effect to disappear. Elevated levels of soluble ST2 are seen in the pericardial fluid and plasma...
ACE2: A predictor of infectability in SARS-Cov-2
Jul 13, 2022
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), is a single-pass type I membrane protein and a zinc metalloprotease of the ACE family. ACE2 encodes for a protein that catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I into [S-1535&angiotensin 1-9] and angiotensin II into vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. Human ACE-2 protein consists of 805 amino acids, including a N-terminal signal peptide, a single catalytic domain, a junctional segment of the collectrin...
Human IL6: A Pleiotropic Inflammatory Cytokine
Jul 11, 2022
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine. It plays important role in inflammation disorders, autoimmune diseases, obesity, and cancer. Levels of IL-6 in human blood are very low under normal conditions, but the levels can increase thousands-fold in inflammatory states. Thus, monitoring IL-6 levels can help in diagnosing and preventing infectious diseases. IL-6 Signaling Pathway IL-6 has both pro-and anti-inflammatory functions that are mediated by...
KIR+ CD8+ T cells keep self-CD4+ T cells in check
Jun 09, 2022
The self/ non-self-recognition in adaptive immunity can be established both in central and peripheral tolerance. For the former, the selection processes of developing lymphocytes reduce but do not eliminate the self-recognizing clones. Two regulatory T-cells, CD4+ Treg and CD8+Treg cells (peripheral tolerance), maintain and regulate the self-recognizing clones. These are important to provide a complete TCR repertoire to fight against pathogens and may involve the...